Discover The Art Of Mountain Painting: Bob Ross Tutorial For Beginners

30 Fancy Bob Ross Landscape Paintings Home, Family, Style and Art Ideas

Delve into the Art of Bob Ross Mountain Tutorials: Mastering the Technique of Creating Serene Landscapes

A Bob Ross mountain tutorial is a step-by-step guide or video demonstration that teaches the techniques used by the renowned artist Bob Ross to create realistic and serene mountain landscapes. These tutorials have gained immense popularity due to Ross's calming demeanor, easy-to-follow instructions, and the satisfaction of creating beautiful artwork.

The relevance of Bob Ross mountain tutorials lies in their ability to provide a structured approach to learning landscape painting, making them accessible to aspiring artists of all skill levels. They offer a unique blend of artistic instruction and mindfulness, allowing individuals to escape the stresses of daily life and immerse themselves in the creative process. Historically, Bob Ross's television show, "The Joy of Painting," played a significant role in popularizing these tutorials, reaching millions of viewers and inspiring countless individuals to pick up a brush.

This comprehensive article delves into the world of Bob Ross mountain tutorials, exploring their techniques, benefits, and historical significance. It will provide valuable insights into the art of landscape painting and guide readers through the process of creating their own serene masterpieces.

Bob Ross Mountain Tutorial

Bob Ross mountain tutorials offer a unique approach to learning landscape painting, combining artistic instruction with mindfulness.

  • Wet-on-Wet Technique: Painting on a wet canvas allows for seamless blending and soft transitions.
  • Limited Palette: Using a restricted color palette simplifies the painting process and promotes harmony.
  • Layering: Applying multiple layers of paint builds depth and texture in the artwork.
  • Negative Painting: Creating shapes by painting around them, rather than directly filling them in.
  • Highlight and Shadow: Understanding the interplay of light and shadow adds dimension to the painting.
  • Happy Trees: Bob Ross's signature trees, characterized by their distinctive triangular shape and vibrant foliage.
  • Clouds and Sky: Mastering cloud formations and sky techniques creates a sense of atmosphere and depth.
  • Mountain Range: Capturing the grandeur and majesty of mountains through skillful brushwork.

These key points provide a foundation for understanding the techniques and concepts taught in Bob Ross mountain tutorials. The wet-on-wet technique, for example, allows for smooth blending and creates a sense of fluidity in the painting. The limited palette simplifies the process and encourages experimentation within a cohesive color scheme. Layering adds depth and texture, while negative painting helps define shapes and forms. Understanding highlight and shadow techniques brings a sense of realism to the artwork. Bob Ross's signature happy trees add a touch of whimsy and charm. Clouds and sky techniques create a sense of atmosphere and depth, while capturing the grandeur of mountain ranges requires skillful brushwork and an understanding of perspective.

Wet-on-Wet Technique

The wet-on-wet technique, a cornerstone of Bob Ross mountain tutorials, involves painting on a wet canvas, allowing for seamless blending and soft transitions. This technique plays a crucial role in creating the characteristic ethereal and serene landscapes associated with Ross's style.

Cause and Effect: The wet-on-wet technique enables the paint to flow and blend effortlessly, resulting in smooth transitions between colors and shapes. This effect is particularly evident in Ross's mountain ranges, where the soft blending of hues creates a sense of depth and atmospheric perspective.

Components: The wet-on-wet technique is an essential element of Bob Ross mountain tutorials. It forms the foundation for building layers, adding texture, and creating the illusion of depth. Without this technique, the distinct look and feel of Ross's paintings would be difficult to achieve.

Examples: In Bob Ross mountain tutorials, the wet-on-wet technique is employed in various ways. For instance, Ross often uses it to create soft, billowing clouds, blending different shades of white and gray to achieve a realistic effect. Additionally, he uses this technique to blend the mountains into the sky, creating a seamless transition between the two elements.

Applications: Understanding the wet-on-wet technique is crucial in Bob Ross mountain tutorials as it enables artists to create realistic and cohesive landscapes. This technique allows for smooth transitions, depth, and atmospheric effects, all of which are essential elements of Ross's style. Mastering this technique opens up a world of possibilities for artists looking to capture the beauty and serenity of mountain landscapes.

Summary: The wet-on-wet technique is a fundamental aspect of Bob Ross mountain tutorials. It allows artists to achieve seamless blending, soft transitions, and a sense of depth, creating the characteristic ethereal and serene landscapes associated with Ross's style. While the technique can be challenging to master, its benefits are immense, enabling artists to create stunning mountain landscapes that capture the beauty and tranquility of nature.

Limited Palette

In the world of Bob Ross mountain tutorials, the concept of a limited palette plays a pivotal role in simplifying the painting process and promoting harmony within the artwork. This approach involves restricting the number of colors used in a painting, typically to a handful of carefully selected hues.

Cause and Effect: Embracing a limited palette in Bob Ross mountain tutorials leads to several positive outcomes. Firstly, it simplifies the decision-making process for artists, allowing them to focus on the creative aspects of painting rather than getting overwhelmed by an extensive selection of colors. Secondly, it fosters a sense of unity and coherence within the artwork, as the limited number of colors naturally harmonizes with each other.

Components: A limited palette is an essential element of Bob Ross mountain tutorials, contributing significantly to the overall aesthetic and style of the paintings. By restricting the color choices, artists are encouraged to explore the subtleties and nuances of each hue, creating depth and interest through variations in tone and saturation. This approach also promotes a sense of cohesion, preventing the artwork from becoming visually cluttered or overwhelming.

Examples: Bob Ross frequently employed a limited palette in his mountain tutorials, often using variations of green, blue, white, and brown to capture the essence of nature. In his painting "Mountain Majesty," Ross demonstrates the power of a limited palette, using only a few shades of green to create a lush and inviting forest scene. The restricted color scheme allows the viewer's eye to focus on the composition, brushwork, and overall atmosphere of the painting.

Applications: Understanding the significance of a limited palette in Bob Ross mountain tutorials has practical implications for aspiring artists. By adopting this approach, artists can streamline their painting process, reduce the risk of creating visually chaotic compositions, and enhance the overall harmony of their artworks. Furthermore, a limited palette can help artists develop a deeper understanding of color theory and the relationships between different hues.

Summary: In Bob Ross mountain tutorials, the concept of a limited palette holds immense value, simplifying the painting process, promoting harmony, and fostering a sense of unity within the artwork. While a limited palette may seem restrictive at first, it empowers artists to explore the nuances of each hue, develop their color theory skills, and create visually cohesive and aesthetically pleasing landscapes.

Layering

In the realm of Bob Ross mountain tutorials, the technique of layering plays a pivotal role in creating captivating landscapes characterized by depth, texture, and a sense of realism. This detailed exploration delves into the intricate relationship between layering and Bob Ross's unique approach to mountain painting.

Cause and Effect: A Symbiotic Relationship

Layering and Bob Ross mountain tutorials share a symbiotic relationship, where each element influences and enhances the other. Layering allows artists to gradually build depth and texture in their paintings, creating the illusion of three-dimensional space. This technique enables Bob Ross to capture the grandeur and majesty of mountain ranges, using multiple layers to define peaks, ridges, and valleys. Conversely, the methodical approach of Bob Ross mountain tutorials provides a structured framework for artists to apply layering effectively, ensuring a harmonious and visually appealing composition.

Components: An Essential Element of Bob Ross's Technique

Layering is an indispensable component of Bob Ross mountain tutorials, serving as a cornerstone of his method. By applying multiple layers of paint, Bob Ross creates a sense of depth and realism in his landscapes. The initial layers establish the basic structure and forms of the mountains, while subsequent layers add detail, texture, and highlights. This process allows artists to progressively refine and enhance their paintings, capturing the subtle nuances of light and shadow that bring the mountain scenes to life.

Examples: Bringing Mountains to Life with Layering

Bob Ross frequently demonstrates the power of layering in his mountain tutorials. In his iconic painting "Mountain Majesty," he masterfully employs layering to create a breathtaking vista of towering peaks and rolling hills. Through the skillful application of multiple layers, Bob Ross builds depth and texture, capturing the ruggedness of the mountains and the soft, ethereal glow of the sky. Another notable example is his painting "Winter Solitude," where he uses layers of white and blue to depict a serene winter landscape, with snow-capped mountains rising above a tranquil lake.

Applications: Practical Significance for Aspiring Artists

Understanding layering in Bob Ross mountain tutorials has significant practical implications for aspiring artists. By incorporating layering into their own artistic practice, artists can create landscapes that are rich in depth, texture, and realism. Layering allows artists to gradually build and refine their compositions, making it an invaluable technique for capturing the beauty and grandeur of mountain scenery. Additionally, layering provides a structured approach to painting, helping artists develop their skills and techniques over time.

Summary: Key Insights and Broader Connections

In conclusion, layering is an essential element of Bob Ross mountain tutorials, enabling artists to create landscapes that are both visually appealing and realistic. Through the skillful application of multiple layers of paint, artists can build depth, texture, and a sense of three-dimensional space. Layering empowers artists to capture the grandeur of mountain ranges, the subtle nuances of light and shadow, and the serene beauty of nature. Its practical applications extend beyond Bob Ross's tutorials, making it a valuable technique for aspiring artists to master in their own artistic journeys.

Negative Painting

Negative painting, a technique where shapes are created by painting around them instead of directly filling them in, plays a crucial role in Bob Ross mountain tutorials. This approach offers a unique set of benefits and applications, contributing significantly to the creation of realistic and visually appealing landscapes.

Cause and Effect: A Dynamic Relationship

In Bob Ross mountain tutorials, negative painting directly influences the overall outcome of the artwork. By painting around shapes, artists can create sharp, defined edges and intricate details, enhancing the sense of realism in their paintings. Additionally, this technique allows for better control over the placement and proportion of elements within the composition, leading to a more balanced and harmonious artwork.

Components: An Integral Element of Bob Ross's Method

Negative painting is an essential component of Bob Ross's mountain tutorial method. It is a fundamental technique that enables artists to achieve the characteristic crisp lines and distinct shapes seen in Bob Ross's paintings. By carefully painting around objects, such as trees, rocks, and mountains, artists can create the illusion of depth and separation between elements, resulting in a more three-dimensional and realistic artwork.

Examples: Bringing Mountains to Life with Negative Painting

Bob Ross frequently employs negative painting in his mountain tutorials to achieve stunning results. In his iconic painting "Majestic Peaks," he uses negative painting to create the sharp contours and jagged edges of the mountain range, contrasting them against the soft, billowing clouds in the sky. Another notable example is his painting "Tranquil Valley," where negative painting is used to define the silhouettes of trees and rocks, creating a sense of depth and atmosphere within the composition.

Applications: Practical Significance for Aspiring Artists

Understanding and applying negative painting in Bob Ross mountain tutorials has significant practical implications for aspiring artists. By mastering this technique, artists can improve their ability to create realistic and detailed landscapes, capturing the beauty and grandeur of nature. Negative painting also enhances an artist's control over composition and allows for more creative freedom in expressing their artistic vision.

Summary: Key Insights and Broader Connections

In conclusion, negative painting is a fundamental technique in Bob Ross mountain tutorials that enables artists to create realistic and visually appealing landscapes. Through the skillful application of negative painting, artists can achieve sharp edges, defined shapes, and a sense of depth within their compositions. This technique is an integral part of Bob Ross's method and provides a valuable tool for aspiring artists looking to capture the beauty of nature in their own artistic endeavors.

Highlight and Shadow

In the realm of Bob Ross mountain tutorials, the interplay of highlight and shadow plays a pivotal role in creating depth, dimension, and realism within the artwork. This section delves into the intricate relationship between light and shadow in Bob Ross's approach to mountain painting.

Cause and Effect: A Dynamic Duo

Highlight and shadow, when skillfully rendered, produce a cascade of positive effects in Bob Ross mountain tutorials. By understanding the interplay of light and shadow, artists can create the illusion of three-dimensional space, enhancing the sense of depth and realism in their paintings. Additionally, manipulating highlights and shadows allows artists to direct the viewer's attention to specific elements within the composition, guiding their visual journey through the mountain landscapes.

Components: Essential Elements of Bob Ross's Technique

Highlight and shadow are indispensable components of Bob Ross's mountain tutorial method. Bob Ross frequently emphasizes the importance of observing and capturing the interplay of light and shadow in nature, as it is crucial for creating believable and immersive landscapes. Through his tutorials, he teaches artists how to identify and depict highlights and shadows accurately, using them to define forms, add texture, and convey a sense of atmosphere.

Examples: Bringing Mountains to Life with Light and Shadow

Bob Ross's paintings are replete with examples of how highlight and shadow contribute to the overall impact of his mountain landscapes. In his iconic painting "Mountain Majesty," the interplay of light and shadow defines the rugged contours of the mountain range, casting dramatic shadows that emphasize the grandeur and scale of the peaks. Another notable example is his painting "Winter Solitude," where the interplay of light and shadow creates a serene and atmospheric winter scene, with the sun casting long shadows across the snow-covered landscape.

Applications: Practical Significance for Aspiring Artists

Understanding the interplay of highlight and shadow in Bob Ross mountain tutorials has significant practical implications for aspiring artists. By mastering this technique, artists can improve their ability to create realistic and visually appealing landscapes. Furthermore, understanding highlight and shadow enhances an artist's ability to convey mood, atmosphere, and a sense of depth within their compositions.

Summary: Key Insights and Broader Connections

In conclusion, the interplay of highlight and shadow plays a crucial role in Bob Ross mountain tutorials, enabling artists to create realistic and visually stunning landscapes. Through the skillful manipulation of light and shadow, artists can add depth, dimension, and a sense of atmosphere to their paintings. Understanding this interplay is an essential component of Bob Ross's method and provides valuable insights for aspiring artists looking to capture the beauty of nature in their own artistic endeavors.

Happy Trees

In the realm of Bob Ross mountain tutorials, the concept of "Happy Trees" holds a special significance, representing a unique and recognizable element of Ross's artistic style. These trees, characterized by their triangular shape and vibrant foliage, add a touch of whimsy and charm to the serene landscapes he created.

  • Triangular Shape:

    The distinctive triangular shape of Happy Trees is perhaps their most recognizable feature. Ross often used a simple, three-stroke method to create these trees, starting with a vertical line for the trunk and adding two diagonal lines for the branches. This simple yet effective technique allows for quick and easy rendering, adding a sense of rhythm and movement to the composition.

  • Vibrant Foliage:

    Happy Trees are known for their cheerful and vibrant foliage, often depicted in shades of emerald green, golden yellow, and fiery orange. Ross's use of color in his trees was not only aesthetically pleasing but also symbolic, representing the joy and optimism he sought to convey through his paintings.

  • Textured Brushstrokes:

    Bob Ross achieved the distinctive texture of his Happy Trees through his unique brushwork. Using a palette knife or a large brush, he applied paint in short, quick strokes, creating a sense of depth and movement in the foliage. This texturing technique added a tactile quality to the paintings, inviting viewers to imagine the feel of the soft leaves and branches.

  • Symbolism and Metaphor:

    Beyond their aesthetic appeal, Happy Trees carry a deeper symbolic meaning. Ross often spoke about the importance of trees in his paintings, likening them to friends and companions. The cheerful and optimistic nature of his trees was a reflection of his own positive outlook on life and his desire to spread joy through his art.

The combination of these elementsthe triangular shape, vibrant foliage, textured brushstrokes, and symbolic meaningmakes Happy Trees a defining feature of Bob Ross mountain tutorials. These trees are not merely decorative elements; they are an integral part of Ross's artistic style and philosophy, adding a touch of whimsy, charm, and optimism to his serene landscapes.

Clouds and Sky

In the realm of Bob Ross mountain tutorials, the mastery of clouds and sky techniques plays a pivotal role in creating a sense of atmosphere, depth, and realism within the landscape paintings. These techniques go beyond mere representation; they allow artists to convey emotions, suggest weather conditions, and establish a connection between the viewer and the painted world.

  • Cloud Formations:

    Understanding and depicting various cloud formations is essential in Bob Ross mountain tutorials. Ross frequently painted cumulus, cirrus, and stratus clouds, using their shapes and textures to create a sense of depth and movement in the sky. These cloud formations also contribute to the overall mood and atmosphere of the painting.

  • Sky Gradients:

    Creating smooth and realistic sky gradients is a key aspect of Bob Ross mountain tutorials. Ross often used a wet-on-wet technique, blending colors such as blue, white, and pink to create seamless transitions between different parts of the sky. These gradients help establish a sense of depth and atmospheric perspective, making the sky appear vast and expansive.

  • Lighting and Shadows:

    The interplay of light and shadow in the sky is crucial in Bob Ross mountain tutorials. Ross taught artists to observe and capture the subtle variations in light and shadow caused by the sun's position and the time of day. By incorporating these elements, artists can create a sense of realism and drama in their sky paintings.

  • Reflections:

    Bob Ross often emphasized the importance of painting reflections of clouds and mountains in bodies of water. These reflections add depth and interest to the composition, creating a sense of unity between the sky and the land. Ross's use of reflections also helps to establish a connection between the viewer and the painted world, inviting them to immerse themselves in the landscape.

The mastery of clouds and sky techniques in Bob Ross mountain tutorials is not merely a technical exercise; it is an artistic endeavor that allows artists to express their creativity and emotions. By understanding and applying these techniques, artists can create landscapes that are not only visually appealing but also evoke a sense of wonder and tranquility in the viewer.

Mountain Range

In the realm of Bob Ross mountain tutorials, the section on "Mountain Range: Capturing the grandeur and majesty of mountains through skillful brushwork" holds immense significance. It delves into the techniques and approaches employed by Ross to portray the towering peaks, rugged cliffs, and sweeping vistas that define mountain landscapes, enabling artists to create breathtaking and realistic mountain scenes.

  • Layering and Texture:

    Bob Ross emphasized the importance of layering and blending colors to create depth and texture in mountain ranges. He demonstrated how to build up layers of paint, starting with a dark base and gradually adding lighter shades to suggest the contours and textures of the mountains.

  • Highlight and Shadow:

    Ross taught artists to observe and capture the interplay of light and shadow on mountain forms. He showed how to use highlights to emphasize peaks and ridges, while shadows defined valleys and crevices, creating a sense of three-dimensionality and atmospheric depth.

  • Brushwork and Technique:

    Bob Ross's unique brushwork played a crucial role in capturing the grandeur of mountain ranges. He used various brush sizes and shapes to create different effects, such as soft, sweeping strokes for distant mountains and more defined, angular strokes for closer peaks. His skillful brushwork added a sense of movement and energy to the mountain scenes.

  • Atmospheric Perspective:

    Ross instructed artists on how to create a sense of atmospheric perspective in their mountain paintings. He explained how colors and values change as objects recede into the distance, with cooler tones and softer edges suggesting greater depth. This technique helped create the illusion of vast and expansive mountain ranges.

These components collectively contribute to the creation of stunning mountain landscapes in Bob Ross mountain tutorials. By mastering these techniques, artists can capture the grandeur and majesty of mountains, conveying a sense of awe and inspiration through their paintings.

Frequently Asked Questions

These frequently asked questions anticipate common queries and misconceptions regarding Bob Ross mountain tutorials, providing clear and concise answers to enhance your understanding.

Question 1: What prerequisites do I need to begin a Bob Ross mountain tutorial?


While prior painting experience is beneficial, Bob Ross mountain tutorials are designed to be accessible to artists of all skill levels. The tutorials provide step-by-step guidance, making them ideal for beginners seeking to learn the basics of landscape painting.

Question 2: What materials are essential for Bob Ross mountain tutorials?


The core materials required include acrylic paints, brushes of various sizes, a canvas or painting surface, and a palette. Additionally, a cup of water, paper towels, and an easel or table for support are recommended.

Question 3: How do I achieve the signature Bob Ross "happy trees" in my paintings?


To create the distinctive "happy trees," begin by painting a vertical line for the trunk. Then, add two diagonal lines for the branches, forming a triangular shape. Use a palette knife or a large brush to apply textured strokes for the foliage, creating a sense of depth and movement.

Question 4: How can I create a realistic sky and cloud formations in my mountain paintings?


To paint a realistic sky, start by establishing a gradient from a darker shade at the horizon to a lighter shade at the zenith. Use a wet-on-wet technique to blend the colors smoothly. For clouds, observe their shapes and textures in nature and use a variety of brushstrokes to replicate their forms.

Question 5: What techniques can I use to capture the grandeur of mountain ranges in my paintings?


To effectively depict mountain ranges, employ the layering technique to build depth and texture. Start with a dark base layer and gradually add lighter shades to suggest the contours of the mountains. Use a combination of soft, sweeping strokes for distant peaks and more defined, angular strokes for closer mountains.

Question 6: How can I convey a sense of atmosphere and depth in my mountain paintings?


To create a sense of atmospheric perspective, incorporate cooler tones and softer edges for distant elements. Utilize light and shadow to define the forms of the mountains and suggest their three-dimensionality. Additionally, painting reflections of the mountains in water bodies can enhance the illusion of depth and realism.

These commonly asked questions provide a deeper understanding of the fundamental concepts and techniques covered in Bob Ross mountain tutorials. By addressing these queries, aspiring artists can embark on their creative journey with greater confidence and a solid foundation in landscape painting.

As we delve further into the intricacies of Bob Ross mountain tutorials, subsequent sections will explore advanced techniques, troubleshooting common challenges, and inspiring examples to elevate your artistic skills and create stunning mountain landscapes.

Tips for Mastering Bob Ross Mountain Tutorials

This section provides practical tips and techniques to help aspiring artists elevate their skills and achieve stunning results in their Bob Ross mountain paintings.

Tip 1: Start with the Right Mindset: Approach each painting session with a positive attitude, allowing yourself to relax and enjoy the creative process.

Tip 2: Prepare Your Canvas: Ensure your canvas is properly stretched and primed before starting to paint. This will create a smooth and even surface for better paint adhesion.

Tip 3: Use High-Quality Materials: Invest in good quality acrylic paints and brushes. Cheap materials can hinder your progress and limit the potential of your artwork.

Tip 4: Study Bob Ross's Techniques: Familiarize yourself with Bob Ross's unique techniques, such as the wet-on-wet method and the use of a palette knife. Practice these techniques to develop your skills.

Tip 5: Pay Attention to Composition: Consider the overall composition of your painting before you start. Think about the placement of mountains, trees, and other elements to create a balanced and visually appealing scene.

Tip 6: Use Color Effectively: Experiment with different color combinations to create depth and atmosphere in your paintings. Don't be afraid to mix and blend colors to achieve the desired effects.

Tip 7: Be Patient and Persistent: Bob Ross mountain tutorials require patience and practice. Don't get discouraged if your first attempts don't turn out as expected. Keep practicing and learning from your mistakes.

Tip 8: Enjoy the Process: Remember that painting is a journey, not a destination. Embrace the learning process and find joy in the creative act itself.

By following these tips and consistently practicing, you can improve your skills in creating beautiful and serene mountain landscapes inspired by Bob Ross.

The next section of this article will explore the importance of practice and dedication in mastering the art of Bob Ross mountain tutorials, emphasizing the rewards and fulfillment that come with perseverance and a commitment to the craft.

Conclusion

In delving into the realm of Bob Ross mountain tutorials, this article has illuminated the essential techniques and concepts that underpin this unique approach to landscape painting. Through a comprehensive exploration of key elements such as the wet-on-wet technique, limited palette, layering, negative painting, highlight and shadow, happy trees, clouds and sky, and mountain range, the article has provided a structured and informative guide for aspiring artists.

The interconnectedness of these elements is evident in the creation of harmonious and realistic mountain landscapes. The wet-on-wet technique allows for seamless blending, while the limited palette promotes unity and coherence. Layering and negative painting contribute to depth and texture, while highlight and shadow add dimension and form. Happy trees, clouds, and sky create a sense of atmosphere, and the mountain range serves as the majestic centerpiece of the composition.

As aspiring artists embark on their creative journey with Bob Ross mountain tutorials, they are not merely learning a set of techniques; they are embracing a mindset of mindfulness, patience, and appreciation for the beauty of nature. Bob Ross's soothing voice and gentle encouragement have inspired countless individuals to pick up a brush and find solace and joy in the act of painting.

This exploration of Bob Ross mountain tutorials serves as a testament to the power of art to transcend boundaries, connect people, and bring tranquility to our lives. Whether you are a seasoned artist or just starting out, the lessons and techniques presented in this article provide a valuable foundation for creating stunning mountain landscapes that capture the essence of Bob Ross's unique style.

Mountain Reflections, my latest Bob Ross painted in Dec 2020. Hoping to

Mountain Reflections, my latest Bob Ross painted in Dec 2020. Hoping to


Image result for bob ross paintings Easy landscape paintings

Image result for bob ross paintings Easy landscape paintings


Landscape Painting Mountain Evening by Chris Steele Buy Abstract

Landscape Painting Mountain Evening by Chris Steele Buy Abstract


Categories 3-ribbon-lei-tutorial

close